With a shortage of artillery, the Manila Naval Defense Force made extensive use of naval guns cannibalized from the partially sunken IJN ships in Manila Bay.

The Japanese “Knee Mortar” provided Imperial troops with an effective and highly mobile light mortar.

Although a late development, the Japanese would use rocket artillery to great effect during the fighting in Manila.

The 240mm M1 was a super-heavy howitzer employed by the US Army to destroy strong fortifications.